Confirmation Bias / Los prejuicios y su confirmación.

When individuals and groups interact with each other they usually have expectations and there's plenty of research that suggests that those expectation not always receive a fair test. Instead, people tend to seak out evidence that comfirms their expectations, and they give greater weight to that evidence than evidence that would disconfirm their expectations.Counter evidence it's even noticed at all, is usually very easy to explain away. That also operates when people have stereotypes about women, racial minorities or about professors. People focus mainly on confirming evidence and end up perpetuating the stereotypes or the preconceptions or social expectations that they have especially when they are not highly motivated to question those belief. So confirmation biases can have important consequences but they're only half of the equation. Social expectations not only lead us to seek out confirming evidence, they can have an effect on the person about whom we hold the expectations. In other words, social expectations affect not only the person who holds them but the other side as well. In fact in some cases our predictions and our expectations can lead to "self-fulfilling profecy" (Any positive or negative expectation about circumstances, events, or people that may affect a person's behavior toward them in a manner that causes those expectations to be fulfilled) ( es una predicción que, una vez hecha, es en sí misma la causa de que se haga realidad) An employer who, for example, expects the employees to be disloyal and shirkers, will likely treat them in a way that will elicit the very response he or she expects. Behavioural confirmation is a type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations (based more on social beliefs than personal expectation) lead them to act in ways that cause others to confirm the expectation Behavioral confirmation involves a self-fulfilling prophecy in which a social expectation brings about the expected behavior. All cases of behavioral confirmation involve self-fulfilling prophecies, but not all self-fulfilling prophecies involve behavioral confirmation. For example, someone expecting to die young might smoke (believing that tobacco use won't matter) and end up dying young from smoking -- a self-fulfilling prophecy that didn't involve a social expectation. So, beliefs can literally create reality. Now think about the implication for a moment : For better or worse the beliefs that your friends, family members, teacher or coworkers hold about you may in some cases, continue to have and effect, even when these individuals aren't physically present,